Estate valuation is the process of determining the fair market value of a person's assets at the time of their death or for estate planning purposes. In the United States, this assessment is essential for calculating estate taxes, ensuring accurate distribution of property to beneficiaries, and complying with federal and state regulations.

Assets commonly included in estate valuation are real estate, business interests, investments, personal property, and retirement accounts. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires estate valuations to reflect the fair market value as of the date of death or an alternate valuation date. Accurate valuations are crucial not only for tax reporting but also for resolving disputes among heirs and managing charitable bequests.

Professionals involved in estate valuation may include certified appraisers, accountants, and legal advisors who adhere to established valuation methodologies and ethical standards. The process may vary depending on the size and complexity of the estate, and often involves documentation reviews, property inspections, and financial analysis.

Estate valuation plays a critical role in estate planning, enabling individuals to minimize tax burdens, support equitable asset division, and preserve family wealth across generations. It is a foundational component of responsible financial and legal estate management in the U.S.